7 Common Neurological Disorders in Dogs: Causes, Symptoms, and Life Expectancy
Neurological conditions in dogs can significantly impact their mobility, behavior, and overall quality of life. Some disorders progress slowly, while others come on suddenly, leaving pet owners overwhelmed and uncertain about what to do next.
This page covers seven of the most common neurological disorders in dogs, highlighting what causes them, how they present, what treatment options exist, and what you can expect in terms of life expectancy.
What are the most common neurological disorders seen in dogs?
Many neurological diseases affect the central or peripheral nervous system, interfering with how signals are sent between the brain, spinal cord, and body. Below are seven of the most frequently diagnosed neurological disorders in dogs.
1. Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD)
What causes IVDD in dogs?
Intervertebral disc disease occurs when the discs between the vertebrae of the spine bulge or rupture, pressing on the spinal cord. This can happen suddenly or over time due to wear and tear. It is most common in breeds like Dachshunds, Corgis, French Bulldogs, and Beagles.
Symptoms of IVDD
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Sudden pain or stiffness in the back or neck
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Difficulty walking or dragging the hind limbs
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Yelping when touched or picked up
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Loss of coordination
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Paralysis in severe cases
Life expectancy with IVDD
Many dogs live a normal lifespan if treated promptly. Surgery may be needed for severe cases, but others can recover with rest, medications, and mobility aids. For dogs with permanent damage, rear support wheelchairs are a practical option to keep them active.
2. Degenerative myelopathy (DM)
What causes degenerative myelopathy?
DM is a progressive disease of the spinal cord that typically affects older dogs, especially large breeds like German Shepherds, Boxers, and Pembroke Welsh Corgis. It is linked to a genetic mutation, and there is no known cure.
Symptoms of DM
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Hind limb weakness
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Wobbling or swaying while walking
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Knuckling or dragging the paws
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Loss of coordination
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Incontinence in later stages
Life expectancy with DM
After symptoms begin, most dogs live anywhere from 6 months to 3 years, depending on care. Physical therapy and wheelchairs can significantly improve a dog’s comfort and extend quality of life.
3. Canine epilepsy
What causes seizures in dogs?
Epilepsy in dogs refers to recurrent seizures that may have no known cause (idiopathic epilepsy) or be secondary to trauma, infections, tumors, or toxins. It’s one of the most common chronic neurological conditions in dogs.
Symptoms of epilepsy
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Sudden collapse
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Muscle twitching or convulsions
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Drooling, chomping, or foaming at the mouth
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Temporary confusion or disorientation after a seizure
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Episodes lasting from a few seconds to a few minutes
Life expectancy with epilepsy
With proper medication and monitoring, many dogs with epilepsy live a full, healthy life. It’s important to manage seizure triggers and follow a consistent treatment plan from a veterinarian.
4. Vestibular disease
What is vestibular disease in dogs?
This disorder affects the vestibular system, which controls balance. It can occur due to inner ear infections, head trauma, tumors, or idiopathic reasons, particularly in older dogs. “Old dog vestibular syndrome” is a common form that comes on suddenly and can look alarming.
Symptoms of vestibular disease
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Head tilt
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Loss of balance or falling over
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Circling in one direction
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Rapid eye movement (nystagmus)
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Nausea or vomiting
Life expectancy with vestibular disease
Most dogs recover from idiopathic vestibular disease within a few days to weeks, although a slight head tilt may remain. More serious causes like tumors require further investigation and can affect prognosis.
5. Wobbler syndrome (cervical spondylomyelopathy)
What causes Wobbler syndrome?
This condition involves compression of the spinal cord in the neck area, leading to weakness and a wobbly gait. It mainly affects large breeds, especially Doberman Pinschers and Great Danes. The compression may be due to vertebral malformations or disc herniation.
Symptoms of Wobbler syndrome
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Wobbly or uncoordinated movement
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Weakness in the front and back legs
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Neck pain or stiffness
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Difficulty rising or walking
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Dragging of the feet
Life expectancy with Wobbler syndrome
Mild cases may be managed with medications and lifestyle changes. Severe cases often require surgery. With appropriate care and physical support, such as dog wheelchairs or harnesses, many dogs maintain a good quality of life for years.
6. Brain tumors
What causes brain tumors in dogs?
Brain tumors can be primary (originating in the brain) or secondary (spread from other parts of the body). They are more common in older dogs and certain breeds like Boxers and Golden Retrievers. Causes can include genetic predisposition, age, and exposure to environmental factors.
Symptoms of brain tumors
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Seizures
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Personality changes
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Circling or head pressing
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Unusual eye movements
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Loss of balance or coordination
Life expectancy with brain tumors
Survival time varies widely depending on the tumor type, size, and location. Some dogs respond well to surgery or radiation and can live months to years. Others may decline more rapidly. Supportive care, including mobility aids, can improve comfort in dogs with balance issues or weakness.
7. Lumbosacral stenosis (cauda equina syndrome)
What causes cauda equina syndrome?
This condition involves narrowing of the spinal canal in the lower back, which puts pressure on the nerves. It’s commonly seen in large-breed dogs, especially those who are active or aging. It can be caused by disc protrusions, arthritis, or injury.
Symptoms of lumbosacral stenosis
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Pain in the lower back
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Difficulty rising or jumping
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Weakness or numbness in the hind limbs
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Incontinence
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Reluctance to exercise or move
Life expectancy with cauda equina syndrome
Many dogs respond well to conservative treatment, including weight management, anti-inflammatory medication, and rest. Surgery may be required for advanced cases. When mobility is permanently affected, rear support wheelchairs from brands like Walkin’ Pets help dogs stay active and independent.
How are neurological disorders in dogs diagnosed?
Accurate diagnosis is key to managing a neurological disorder effectively. A veterinarian will typically start with a detailed physical and neurological exam. Depending on the suspected condition, they may recommend:
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Blood tests
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X-rays or CT scans
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MRI
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Cerebrospinal fluid analysis
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Genetic testing (especially for DM)
A referral to a veterinary neurologist may be necessary for advanced imaging or complex cases.
How do assistive devices support dogs with neurological issues?
When a neurological condition affects a dog’s ability to walk, play, or stand, mobility aids can help them regain function and improve their quality of life.
Benefits of dog wheelchairs
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Restore independence for dogs with hind limb weakness or paralysis
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Prevent muscle atrophy by encouraging movement
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Reduce the risk of pressure sores from lying down too much
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Support rehabilitation alongside physical therapy
Walkin’ Pets offers adjustable wheelchairs for dogs of all sizes. These devices are especially helpful for pets with conditions like IVDD, DM, Wobbler syndrome, or lumbosacral stenosis. With a properly fitted wheelchair, many dogs can continue to enjoy walks, exercise, and interaction with their family.
When should you consider a wheelchair for your dog?
A dog may benefit from a wheelchair if they show:
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Ongoing weakness in the back legs
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Inability to walk unassisted
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Pain during movement
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Recovery from spinal surgery
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Progressive disorders with worsening mobility
Early introduction of a wheelchair can help preserve muscle strength and prevent further injury. Always consult your veterinarian to determine the best time to start using a mobility device.
Supporting your dog through every stage of their neurological condition
Caring for a dog with a neurological condition takes commitment, but it’s possible to give them a fulfilling life with the right support.
Early diagnosis, a thoughtful treatment plan, and assistive tools such as dog wheelchairs can make a measurable difference. Whether your dog is adjusting to a recent diagnosis or has lived with a condition for years, maintaining their comfort and dignity should always be the priority.
Frequently asked questions
What are the first signs of neurological problems in dogs?
The earliest signs of neurological issues in dogs often include changes in coordination, weakness in the limbs, difficulty walking, and abnormal behavior. Dogs may begin to drag their paws, stumble, or have trouble standing. In some cases, owners notice unusual eye movements, head tilts, or seizures.
These symptoms can appear gradually or suddenly, depending on the condition. If any of these signs are present, it’s important to schedule a veterinary evaluation as early detection improves the chances of effective treatment.
Can a dog recover from a neurological disorder?
Some neurological conditions in dogs are reversible, while others are progressive or permanent. For example, dogs with vestibular disease or intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) may recover fully with treatment, rest, and support.
In contrast, conditions like degenerative myelopathy (DM) and certain brain tumors tend to worsen over time, although symptoms can be managed. Physical therapy, medications, and assistive devices like dog wheelchairs can greatly improve comfort and function, even if a full recovery isn't possible. The outcome depends on the specific diagnosis and how early treatment begins.
How are neurological disorders in dogs diagnosed by veterinarians?
Diagnosing a neurological disorder in dogs involves a physical examination followed by specific diagnostic tests. Veterinarians typically begin with a neurological exam to identify the affected area of the nervous system.
Depending on the findings, they may recommend blood work, X-rays, MRI or CT imaging, spinal fluid analysis, or genetic testing. In complex cases, a referral to a veterinary neurologist is often needed for advanced diagnostics. Accurate diagnosis is essential to determine the most effective treatment plan and understand the prognosis.
What dog breeds are most at risk for neurological disorders?
Certain breeds have a higher risk of developing neurological disorders due to genetic predispositions. Dachshunds, Beagles, and Corgis are prone to intervertebral disc disease (IVDD). German Shepherds and Boxers often develop degenerative myelopathy (DM).
Doberman Pinschers and Great Danes are more likely to be affected by Wobbler syndrome. Epilepsy is common in Border Collies, Golden Retrievers, and Labrador Retrievers. Knowing your dog’s breed-specific risks can help in early detection and preventive care through routine checkups and health screenings.
Can a dog live a happy life with a neurological condition?
Yes, many dogs with neurological disorders can enjoy a good quality of life, especially with the right care and support. While some conditions may affect mobility or coordination, tools like dog wheelchairs, physical therapy, and home modifications can help dogs stay active and comfortable.
Regular vet visits, pain management, and a consistent routine can also reduce stress and improve well-being. Owners who are proactive about their dog’s needs often report that their pets remain happy, social, and engaged despite their diagnosis.
When should I consider using a wheelchair for my dog?
A dog may benefit from a wheelchair if they have ongoing weakness in their back legs, paralysis, trouble standing, or are recovering from spinal surgery. Wheelchairs are especially helpful for dogs with conditions like IVDD, degenerative myelopathy, Wobbler syndrome, or lumbosacral stenosis.
Early use of a wheelchair can help maintain muscle tone, prevent injury, and keep dogs mobile as their condition progresses. Before choosing a wheelchair, consult with your veterinarian to ensure it’s the right fit based on your dog’s diagnosis and mobility level.
How long can dogs live with degenerative myelopathy?
Dogs with degenerative myelopathy (DM) typically live between 6 months to 3 years after symptoms begin. The progression is slow but steady, starting with hind limb weakness and eventually leading to complete paralysis.
With supportive care like physical therapy, a balanced diet, and the use of a dog wheelchair, many dogs maintain a good quality of life for months or even years. Since DM is not painful, the focus of care is on maintaining function and comfort for as long as possible.
What treatments are available for dogs with neurological disorders?
Treatment options depend on the specific disorder. They may include anti-inflammatory drugs, pain medication, anti-seizure drugs, antibiotics for infections, or surgery for spinal compression or tumors. Physical therapy is often recommended to improve strength and mobility. In some cases, assistive equipment like harnesses or wheelchairs helps manage chronic mobility loss.
For conditions without a cure, such as degenerative myelopathy or some brain tumors, treatment focuses on symptom management and improving quality of life. Your vet will guide you on the best options based on the diagnosis.
Can physical therapy help dogs with neurological conditions?
Yes, physical therapy can be highly beneficial for dogs with neurological disorders. It helps maintain muscle strength, improve coordination, and reduce stiffness or pain. Common techniques include underwater treadmill sessions, stretching exercises, laser therapy, and massage.
Dogs recovering from surgery or living with chronic conditions like IVDD or Wobbler syndrome often respond well to a consistent rehab routine. Working with a certified canine rehabilitation therapist ensures the exercises are tailored to your dog’s specific needs and condition.
Are neurological disorders in dogs always permanent?
Not all neurological disorders in dogs are permanent. Some conditions, like vestibular disease or mild IVDD, can resolve with proper treatment and time. Others, such as degenerative myelopathy or inherited epilepsy, are lifelong but manageable.
In cases of injury, inflammation, or infection, full recovery is possible if treatment starts early. However, permanent nerve damage may result from delays in care or severe disease progression. A timely and accurate diagnosis gives the best chance of reversing or controlling symptoms.